Ammonium Chloride In Water Reaction
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| IUPAC proper noun Ammonium chloride | |
| Other names Sal ammoniac, Salmiac, Nushadir table salt, Sal armagnac, Ammonium Muriate, Amchlor[ citation needed ] Salt armoniack, Salmiak | |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.031.976 |
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| Un number | 3077 |
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| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Cl H 4 North |
| Tooth mass | 53.49 chiliad·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White solid, hygroscopic |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.519 g/cm3 [1] |
| Sublimation | Decomposes at 337.six °C at one atm[2] Δdecomp H |
| Solubility in water | 244 g/L (−15 °C) 294 m/L (0 °C) 383.0 g/L (25 °C) 454.4 g/L (40 °C) 740.viii thou/50 (100 °C)[4] |
| Solubility product (Thousand sp) | 30.nine (395 thou/L)[5] |
| Solubility | Soluble in liquid ammonia, hydrazine, Slightly soluble in acetone Insoluble in diethyl ether, ethyl acetate[two] |
| Solubility in methanol | 32 grand/kg (17 °C) 33.5 g/kg (19 °C) 35.iv g/kg (25 °C)[two] |
| Solubility in ethanol | 6 g/L (19 °C)[6] |
| Solubility in glycerol | 97 g/kg[ii] |
| Solubility in sulfur dioxide | 0.09 1000/kg (0 °C) 0.031 g/kg (25 °C)[2] |
| Solubility in acetic acid | 0.67 g/kg (16.half dozen °C)[2] |
| Vapor pressure | 133.3 Pa (160.4 °C)[vii] half dozen.v kPa (250 °C) 33.five kPa (300 °C)[6] |
| Acidity (pK a) | 9.24 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -36.7·10−6 cm3/mol[8] |
| Refractive index (n D) | 1.642 (20 °C)[2] |
| Construction | |
| Crystal structure | CsCl, cP2 [9] |
| Infinite group | Pm3yard, No. 221 |
| Lattice constant | a = 0.3876 nm |
| Formula units (Z) | 1 |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Heat capacity (C) | 84.i J/mol·One thousand[half-dozen] |
| Std molar | 94.56 J/mol·K[half dozen] |
| Std enthalpy of | −314.43 kJ/mol[6] |
| Gibbs complimentary energy (Δf Yard ⦵) | −202.97 kJ/mol[6] |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | B05XA04 (WHO) G04BA01 (WHO) |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  [7] |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H319 [7] |
| Precautionary statements | P305+P351+P338 [seven] |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | two 0 0 |
| Flash signal | Non-flammable |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LD50 (median dose) | 1650 mg/kg (rats, oral) |
| NIOSH (U.s. health exposure limits): | |
| PEL (Permissible) | none[10] |
| REL (Recommended) | TWA 10 mg/m3 ST xx mg/10003 (as fume)[10] |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | N.D.[10] |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | ICSC 1051 |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Ammonium fluoride Ammonium bromide Ammonium iodide |
| Other cations | Sodium chloride Potassium chloride Hydroxylammonium chloride |
| Except where otherwise noted, information are given for materials in their standard land (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references | |
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4Cl and a white crystalline table salt that is highly soluble in water. Solutions of ammonium chloride are mildly acidic. In its naturally occurring mineralogic form, it is known every bit sal ammoniac. The mineral is commonly formed on burning coal dumps from condensation of coal-derived gases. Information technology is also institute around some types of volcanic vents. It is mainly used as fertilizer and a flavouring agent in some types of liquorice. Information technology is the product from the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia.
Production [edit]
Demonstration of a synthesis of ammonium chloride. Concentrated ammonia and hydrochloric acid solutions are added to two gas-washing bottles, respectively. Using rubber pumps, air (acting as gas-carrier) is injected in the gas-washing tubes causing the streams of ammonia and hydrogen chloride in air to collide and react giving the solid production, ammonium chloride.
Information technology is a product of the Solvay process used to produce sodium carbonate:[3]
- COii + 2 NHthree + 2 NaCl + H2O → 2 NHfourCl + Na2COiii
Not only is that method the chief i for the industry of ammonium chloride, simply also it is used to minimize ammonia release in some industrial operations.
Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by combining ammonia (NHthree) with either hydrogen chloride (gas) or hydrochloric acid (water solution):[3]
- NH3 + HCl → NHivCl
Ammonium chloride occurs naturally in volcanic regions, forming on volcanic rocks nearly fume-releasing vents (fumaroles). The crystals deposit directly from the gaseous country and tend to be short-lived, as they dissolve easily in water.[11]
Reactions [edit]
Ammonium chloride pyrolyses and reforms into ammonium-chloride smoke after cooling.
Ammonium chloride appears to sublime upon heating but actually decomposes into ammonia and hydrogen chloride gas:[three]
- NH4Cl → NHiii + HCl
Ammonium chloride reacts with a strong base, like sodium hydroxide, to release ammonia gas:
- NH4Cl + NaOH → NH3 + NaCl + H2O
Similarly, ammonium chloride also reacts with alkali-metal carbonates at elevated temperatures, giving ammonia and alkali-metallic chloride:
- 2 NH4Cl + Na2CO3 → ii NaCl + COtwo + H2O + 2 NHiii
A solution of 5% by mass of ammonium chloride in h2o has a pH in the range 4.half-dozen to 6.0.[12]
Some of ammonium chloride'southward reactions with other chemicals are endothermic, like its reaction with barium hydroxide and its dissolving in water.
Applications [edit]
Ammonium chloride crystal(s)
The dominant awarding of ammonium chloride is as a nitrogen source in fertilizers (corresponding to 90% of the world production of ammonium chloride) such as chloroammonium phosphate. The master crops fertilized this way are rice and wheat in Asia.[13]
Ammonium chloride was used in pyrotechnics in the 18th century but was superseded by safer and less hygroscopic chemicals. Its purpose was to provide a chlorine donor to enhance the green and blue colours from copper ions in the flame.
It had a secondary use to provide white smoke, merely its ready double decomposition reaction with potassium chlorate producing the highly unstable ammonium chlorate made its use very dangerous.[fourteen] [xv] [16]
Metalwork [edit]
Ammonium chloride is used as a flux in preparing metals to be tin coated, galvanized or soldered. Information technology works equally a flux by cleaning the surface of workpieces by reacting with the metal oxides at the surface to form a volatile metal chloride. For that purpose, it is sold in blocks at hardware stores for use in cleaning the tip of a soldering iron, and it can also be included in solder every bit flux.
Medicine [edit]
Ammonium chloride is used as an expectorant in cough medicine. Its expectorant action is acquired by irritative action on the bronchial mucosa, which causes the production of excess respiratory tract fluid, which presumably is easier to cough up. Ammonium salts are an irritant to the gastric mucosa and may induce nausea and vomiting.
Ammonium chloride is used every bit a systemic acidifying agent in treatment of severe metabolic alkalosis, in oral acid loading test to diagnose distal renal tubular acidosis, to maintain the urine at an acid pH in the treatment of some urinary-tract disorders.[ commendation needed ]
Nutrient [edit]
Ammonium chloride, nether the name sal ammoniac or salmiak is used every bit food condiment under the E number E510, working as a yeast food in breadmaking and every bit an acidifier.[17] Information technology is a feed supplement for cattle and an ingredient in nutritive media for yeasts and many microorganisms.
Ammonium chloride is used to spice upwards night sweets called salty liquorice (pop in the Nordic countries, Benelux and northern Federal republic of germany),[18] in baking to give cookies a very crisp texture, and in the liquor Salmiakki Koskenkorva for flavouring. In Iran, Tajikistan, Bharat, Pakistan and Arab countries it is called "Noshader" and is used to improve the crispness of snacks such equally samosas and jalebi.
In the laboratory [edit]
Ammonium chloride has been used historically to produce low temperatures in cooling baths.[19]
Ammonium chloride solutions with ammonia are used every bit buffer solutions including ACK (Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium) lysis buffer.[20]
In paleontology, ammonium chloride vapor is deposited on fossils, where the substance forms a brilliant white, hands removed and fairly harmless and inert layer of tiny crystals. That covers up whatsoever coloration the fossil may take, and if lighted at an angle highly enhances dissimilarity in photographic documentation of three-dimensional specimens.[21] The same technique is applied in archaeology to eliminate reflection on glass and similar specimens for photography.[22] In organic synthesis saturated NH4Cl solution is typically used to quench reaction mixtures.[23]
Flotation [edit]
Giant squid and another big squid species maintain neutral buoyancy in seawater through an ammonium chloride solution which is institute throughout their bodies and is less dense than seawater.[24] This differs from the method of flotation used by most fish, which involves a gas-filled swim bladder.
Batteries [edit]
Around the turn of the 20th century, ammonium chloride was used in aqueous solution every bit the electrolyte in Leclanché cells that found a commercial employ every bit the "local battery" in subscribers' telephone installations. Those cells later evolved into zinc–carbon batteries still using ammonium chloride equally electrolyte.
Other applications [edit]
Ammonium chloride is used in a ~5% aqueous solution to work on oil wells with dirt swelling problems. Other uses include in hair shampoo, in the glue that bonds plywood, and in cleaning products. In hair shampoo, it is used as a thickening amanuensis in ammonium-based surfactant systems such as ammonium lauryl sulfate. Ammonium chloride is used in the material and leather industry, in dyeing, tanning, cloth printing and cotton wool clustering. In woodworking, a solution of ammonium chloride and water, when applied to unfinished forest, will burn when subjected to a oestrus gun resulting in a branding iron marker without use of a branding iron. The solution can be painted onto the woods or applied with a common safe stamp.[25]
Ammonium chloride can also exist used in the process of making albumen silver prints.
History [edit]
The earliest mention of ammonium chloride was in 554 A.D. in People's republic of china.[26] At that fourth dimension, ammonium chloride came from two sources: (i) the vents of underground coal fires in Central Asia, specifically, in the Tian Shan mountains (which extend from Xinjiang province of northwestern China through Kyrgyzstan) equally well as in the Alay (or Alai) mountains of southwestern Kyrgyz republic, and (two) the fumaroles of the volcano Mountain Taftan in southeastern Iran.[27] [28] [29] (Indeed, the give-and-take for ammonium chloride in several Asian languages derives from the Iranian phrase anosh adur (immortal burn), a reference to the underground fires.[30]) Ammonium chloride was and so transported along the Silk Road eastwards to Red china and westwards to the Muslim lands and Europe.
Around 800 A.D. the Arabs of Arab republic of egypt discovered ammonium chloride in the soot that resulted from burning camel dung, and this source became an alternative to those in Central Asia.[31] [32]
References [edit]
- ^ Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Printing. p. iv.46. ISBNi-4398-5511-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g ammonium chloride Archived 23 July 2015 at the Wayback Automobile. Chemister.ru (2007-03-19). Retrieved on 2018-01-23.
- ^ a b c d Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (illustrated ed.). Academic Printing. p. 614. ISBN978-0-12-352651-nine. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (2nd ed.). D. Van Nostrand Company.
Results here are multiplied by h2o'due south density at temperature of solution for unit of measurement conversion. - ^ "Solubility Products of Selected Compounds". Common salt Lake Metals. Archived from the original on 21 Oct 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
- ^ a b c d eastward f Pradyot, Patnaik (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN978-0-07-049439-8.
- ^ a b c d Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ammonium chloride. Retrieved on 2014-06-11.
- ^ Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.131. ISBNi-4398-5511-0.
- ^ Breñosa, A.K; Rodríguez, F; Moreno, M (1993). "Stage transition temperatures and thermal hysteresis in NH4Cl1−tenBr10 (ten≤0.05) crystals adamant through charge transfer spectra of Cu2+(Ii) centres". Solid State Communications. 85 (2): 135. Bibcode:1993SSCom..85..135B. doi:x.1016/0038-1098(93)90362-Q.
- ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemic Hazards. "#0029". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ Rowley, Steven P. (2011). Full general Chemistry I Laboratory Transmission (Second ed.). Kendall Hunt. ISBN978-0-7575-8942-iii.
- ^ Bothara, K. G. (2008). Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Pragati Books Pvt. Ltd. pp. xiii–. ISBN978-81-85790-05-3. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ Zapp, Karl-Heinz (2012) "Ammonium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_243
- ^ Conkling, John A.; Mocella, Christopher J. (2010). Chemistry of Pyrotechnics (second ed.). CRC Press. ISBN978-1574447408.
- ^ Davis, Tenney L (2012). Chemical science of Pulverisation and Explosives. Angriff Press. ISBN978-0945001171.
- ^ Kosanke, K. L.; Kosanke, B. J.; Sturman, Barry T.; Winokur, Robert Grand. (2012). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pyrotechnics (and Related Subjects). Periodical of Pyrotechnics. ISBN978-1889526195.
- ^ Smith, Jim; Hong-Shum, Lily (2011). Food Additives Data Volume (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 540. ISBN978-1444397734.
- ^ Christine Due south. (8 August 2011). "In Salmiak Territory". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ "A New Frigorifick Experiment Shewing, How a Considerable Degree of Cold May be Suddenly Produced without the Help of Snow, Ice, Haile, Wind, or Niter, and That at Any Time of the Twelvemonth". Philosophical Transactions. one (15): 255–261. xviii July 1666. doi:10.1098/rstl.1665.0106.
- ^ ACK Lysis Buffer Archived 11 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Cshprotocols.cshlp.org (2014-11-01). Retrieved on 2018-01-23.
- ^ Marsh, 50. F. and Marsh, R. C. (1975). "New techniques for coating paleontological specimens prior to photography". Journal of Paleontology. 49 (3): 565–566. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Domicile - BCIN Archived 16 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Bcin.ca (2017-08-01). Retrieved on 2018-01-23.
- ^ Robert Yard. Boeckman, Jr.; Douglas J. Tusch; Kyle F. Biegasiewicz (2015). "(S)-1,1-Diphenylprolinol Trimethylsilyl Ether". Org. Synth. 92: 309–319. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.092.0309.
- ^ Denton, E. J.; Gilpin-Brown, J. B.; Shaw, T. I. (1969). "A Buoyancy Mechanism Found in Cranchid Squid". Proceedings of the Imperial Order of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 174 (1036): 271–279. Bibcode:1969RSPSB.174..271D. doi:10.1098/rspb.1969.0093. JSTOR 75757. S2CID 94534922. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 27 Dec 2020.
- ^ Laura Kampf (11 June 2017). Shop Tips #1 // Forest Branding without a Branding Iron. Archived from the original on 17 Nov 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2018 – via YouTube.
- ^ That ammonium chloride was imported into Communist china from Sogdiana in Key Asia is mentioned in the Wei shu (History of the Wei [peoples of what is now China]), which was compiled by Wei Shou 魏收 (506–572 A.D.). (Sutton et al., 2008), p. 596. However, it may have been imported into China fifty-fifty before 150 A.D.: there is a cursory mention of what might have been ammonium chloride in the Chinese Chou I Tshan Thung Chhi Chu 周易参同契註 [The Kinship of the Iii and the Book of Changes, with Commentary] (142 A.D.) by Wei Boyang. Needham et al., p. 439.
- ^ The locations of the sources of ammonium chloride in the burning coal deposits of Primal Asia are shown on the following map:
- Sutton et al., pp. 595-596, especially Fig. 6 (map).
- Jameson, Robert, Manual of Mineralogy … (Edinburgh, Scotland: Archibald Constable & Co. and Hurst, Robinson & Co., 1821), p. 12. From p. 12: "Volcanic Sal Ammoniac. … Geographic State of affairs.—It occurs in the vicinity of burning beds of coal, both in Scotland and England; and in many volcanic districts in different parts of the world."
- Nicol, James, Transmission of Mineralogy; … (Edinburgh, Scotland: Adam and Charles Black and Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1849). p. 336: "It [i.e., ammonium chloride] is sometimes found almost ignited coal seams, as at St Etienne in France, almost Newcastle, and in Scotland."
- Bischof, pp. 213–214: "Chloride of ammonium is also found at other places, equally a sublimate arising from the combustion of coal strata; for example, at St. Etienne, near Lyons, at Newcastle and at Glan in Rhenish Bavaria."
- les Élèves mineurs de Saint-Étienne [the pupils of Saint-Étienne] (1822) "Note sur le Sel ammoniaque que produit une mine de houille incendiée" Archived 17 October 2020 at the Wayback Car (Note on the ammonium salt that a burning coal mine produces), Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 21 : 158–159. [in French]
- ^ The Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179–1229) or "Jakut" mentioned that ammonium chloride was harvested from "Damindan" (Tamindan), a valley on the volcano Mount Taftan in southwestern Iran. See: von Lippmann, E.O., "Wan and wofür erscheint zuerst die Bezeichnung Ammoniak?" (When and why did the term "ammonia" first appear?) In: Lippmann, Edmund O., ed., Abhandlungen und Vorträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften (Essays and Lectures on the History of the Sciences), vol. two, (Leipzig, Germany: Veit & Co., 1913), pp. 232–233: Archived 25 July 2020 at the Wayback Automobile " … berichtet er, daß der Höhle Demindân in Persien ein Dampf entströme und sich beim Erkalten als Nuschadir niederschlage, den human being von da aus in alle Welt versende." ( … he [i.e., Yaqut] reported that a vapor streams out of the caves at Damindan in Persia and upon cooling precipitates as nushadir [i.e., ammonium chloride], which is conveyed from there throughout the earth.) In discussing aboriginal China'due south sources of ammonium chloride. Needham et al., p. 439: "The almost westerly region of all [of the regions that produce ammonium chloride] lies further to the south, in Persian Baluchistan, where the Damindān (at present Tamindan) valley in the Kūh-i-Taftan range, a relatively inactive volcanic massif, produces sal ammoniac [i.e., ammonium chloride] down to this day."
- ^ Ammonium chloride was afterwards harvested from other volcanoes: The Arabs harvested information technology from Mount Etna in Sicily during the 10th century.
- The Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi (c. 945/946 - 991) mentioned that ammonium chloride was obtained from Mt. Etna. See: Lippmann, Edmund Oskar von, Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie … (Origin and Spread of Abracadabra … ), vol. 1, (Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1919), p. 404. From p. 404: Archived 16 Apr 2021 at the Wayback Machine " … er erwähnt, daß der dortige Salmiak nicht von gleicher Güte ist wie der Siciliens, dessen Lager jetzt aber schon erschöpft seien, … " ( … he mentions that the salmiak [i.due east., ammonium chloride] in that location [i.e., in Fergana ] is not of equal value to that of Sicily's, whose deposits are now, however, exhausted, … )
- The Arab geographer ibn Hawqal (d. ca. 978) also mentioned that ammonium chloride was obtained from fumaroles on the slopes of Mt. Etna. Ruska, Julius (1928). "Die Salmiak in die Geschichte der Alchemie" [Ammonium chloride in the history of alchemy]. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie. 41 (l): 1321–1324. doi:10.1002/ange.19280415006.
- Sutton et al., p. 595.
- Breislak, Scipion, Essais mineralogiques sur la solfatare de Pouzzole (Naples, Italy: Janvier Giaccio, 1792), p. 140. From p. 140: "Deux endroits de la Solfatare, celui où est construite la fontaine de vapeurs, et un autre à peu de altitude produisent le muriate d'ammoniaque." (Ii places on Solfatare — that where the fumerole has formed and another a little distance away — produce muriate of ammonia [i.e., ammonium chloride].)
- (Lémery, Nicolas) (1705) "Diverses observations chimiques. I." (Diverse chemical observations. I.), Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences: année MDCCV, avec les memoires … , p. 66. From p. 66: Archived 14 Baronial 2017 at the Wayback Machine "Monsieur Lémery a eu entre les mains un Sel tiré du Mont Vesuve, & que l'on appelle Sel Armoniac naturel." (Mr. Lémery got concur of a salt [which was] extracted from Mountain Vesuvius, and which is called natural Armenian salt [i.e., ammonium chloride].)
- Bischof, p. 212.
- Sutton et al., p. 599.
- Marcellin, Jean Baptiste Geneviève, Businesswoman Bory de Saint-Vincent, Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle, vol. 1 (Paris, France: Rey et Gravier, 1822). p. 270: Archived 25 July 2020 at the Wayback Car "On trouve ce Minéral dans presque tous les volcans. … Elle se trouve également en Tartarie, dans le pays des Kalmuks; en Perse, au Thibet, dans l'île de Bourbon, en Bucharie, … " (One finds this mineral [i.e., ammonium chloride] in nearly every volcano … Information technology is found also in Tartary [i.e., a region extending from Fundamental Asia eastwards to the Pacific Ocean], in the country of the Kalmyks, in Persia, in Tibet, on Bourbon Island [i.east., Réunion], in Bucharia [i.e., a region of Central Asia extending from Turfan through Uzbekistan and Tajikistan ] … )
- Bunsen, Robert (1847) "Ueber den innern Zusammenhang der pseudovulkanischen Erscheinungen Islands" Archived 16 April 2021 at the Wayback Car (On the intrinsic relationship of pseudo-volcanic phenomena of Iceland), Annalen der Chemie and Pharmacie, 62 : 1–59, see pp. 8–ix. From pp. 8–9: Archived 17 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine "Im Juli 1846, as well nur wenige Monate nach dem Ausbruch des Vulkans, wo ich in diesen Gegenden verweilte, zeigte sich der untere Theil dieses Stromes mit dampfenden Fumarolen übersäet, in denen sich eine solche Menge reiner, zum Theil sehr schön krystallisirter Salmiak sublimirte, dass man dort, trotz der unaufhörlichen Regengüsse, dieses wertvolle Salz zu Hunderten von Pfunden hätte sammeln können." (In July 1846, thus but months after the eruption of the volcano [i.e., Mt. Hekla], where I stayed in this region, the lower part of this [lava] menses appeared studded with steaming fumaroles, in which such a quantity of pure and sometimes very beautifully crystallized ammonium chloride had sublimated that one could take collected at that place — despite ceaseless downpours — hundreds of pounds of this valuable common salt.)
- Del Campo, Ángel (1912) "Los sublimados blancos del volcán Chinyero (Canarias)" (The white sublimates of the volcano Chinyero in the Canary Islands), Anales de la Sociedad Española de Física y Química, 10 : 431–449.
- Shipley, J.Westward. (1919). "Scientific results of the Katmai expeditions of the National Geographic Guild: VII. Ammonia and nitrous nitrogen in the pelting water of southwestern Alaska". Ohio Journal of Science. 19 (4): 230–234. hdl:1811/2027/V19N04_230.pdf.
- Sutton et al., p. 599.
- ^ The term for "ammonium chloride" in Standard arabic is nūshādir or nūshādur, in Sanskrit, navasadaru or navasara, in Chinese, nao sha, and similarly in Armenian and Syriac. Sutton et al., p. 596.
- ^ In De Lapidibus (About Stones), which is attributed to "Pseudo-Aristotle" and which dates from ca. 750–870 A.D., is a cursory statement that ammonium chloride was created at the public baths (from the soot of the fires that served to rut the bath waters). Ruska, Julius, Das Steinbuch des Aristoteles mit literargeschichtlichen Untersuchungen nach der arabischen Handschrift der Bibliothèque Nationale [The book of stones of Aristotle with literary-historical investigations into the Standard arabic manuscript of the Bibliothèque Nationale] (Heidelberg, Germany: Carl Winter, 1912), p. 191. From p. 191 (in Latin): "Et unus lapis est qui vocatur nasciadhor i. liscianada qui fit in balneis." (And there is one stone that is called nasciadhor [i.due east., nûshâdur, ammonium chloride] or liscianada that is made [i.e., created] in the baths.) Come across also: Sutton et al., p. 595.
- ^ The Persian geographer Al-Istakhri (d. 957 A.D.) stated that ammonium chloride was obtained from the soot of camel dung that was burned to estrus the public baths in Alexandria. Come across: (Lippmann, 1919), p. 403. From p. 403: Archived 17 Oct 2020 at the Wayback Motorcar Istakhri " … bestätigt das persische Vorkommen … des Nûschâdirs, 'den dice Ägypter aus dem Rauche ihrer Bäder haben' [aus dem Rauche des zum Heizen gebräuchlichen getrockneten Kamelmistes], … " (Istakhri confirms the occurrence in Persia … of ammonium chloride (nûshâdir), "which the Egyptians have [obtained] from the smoke of their baths" [i.e., from the smoke of the dried camel dung that's used for heating] … ) See also: Sutton et al., p. 595.
The production of ammonium chloride from the soot of burned fauna dung was reported early on in the 18th century past a number of European observers:- Sicard, Claude (S.J.), Nouveaux Mémoires de la Compagnie de Jesus dans le Levant [New memoirs of the Jesuits in the Levant], vol. two (Paris, France: Nicolas le Clerc, 1717), pp. 96–98. From pp. 96–98: " … nous arrivâmes sur le midy à Desmayer … " ( … we arrived at midday at Desmayer, a town [in the Nile delta] which is inhabited only past Muslims. It is in this place that the most esteemed sal armoniac [i.e., ammonium chloride] in all Egypt is made. This common salt is made in ovens, whose superlative is vented lengthwise and in several places. One places in these vents 20 or thirty round glass bottles, about a foot and a one-half in diameter, with a neck of half a foot [beyond]. The bottles are sealed well: filled with soot and a picayune sea salt, and animal urine. Then one constructs a layer of loam and brick [on top of the oven], which covers everything except the tops of the bottles' necks, which [remain open] to the air. Then a fire is lit in the oven, and it is maintained continually for iii days and three nights. The phlegm [i.east., liquid components] of the fabric contained in the bottles is driven off, and the acid salts and alkalies see and cling to each other near the cervix, [where they] form a white, round mass. The performance being completed, all of the bottles are cleaved, and these masses are removed, which are chosen "sal armoniac". It is to be noted that the soot of which I spoke, is produced by the fume of pats, which is called gellée in Arabic. They [i.due east., the pats] are formed from beast manure. Whatever other smoke is unlikely to condense into sal armoniac.)
- Geoffroy, Étienne (1720) "Observations sur la nature et la composition du sel ammoniac" Archived 25 July 2020 at the Wayback Auto (Observations on the nature and limerick of ammonium chloride), Histoire de fifty'Academie Royale des Sciences: année MDCCXX, avec les memoires … , pp. 189–191.
- Lemere (1719) "Adressé à 50'Académie sur le sel ammoniac, etc." Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine (Address to the [French Majestic] University [of Sciences] on ammonium chloride, etc.), Histoire de 50'Academie Royale des Sciences: année MDCCXX, avec les memoires … , pp. 191–194.
- (Lemere) (1716) "Observations sur la nature et la composition du sel ammoniac," Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Auto Histoire de 50'Academie Royale des Sciences: année MDCCXX, avec les memoires … , pp. 195–207. On p. 202, Lemere states that ammonium chloride can be made by combining ammonium carbonate and muriatic acid: "Fifty'on prend de 50'camaraderie ou du sel volatil d'urine; on jette dessus de l'esprit de sel marin, jusqu'à ce qu'il ne se fasse plus de fermentation; on fait évaporer au sable la liqueur, qui, étant séche, fournit united nations sel salé qui a les mêmes effets que le sel ammoniac." (One takes the spirit or volatile table salt of urine [i.eastward., ammonium carbonate]; one tosses on it spirit of body of water salt [i.due east., hydrochloric acid], until it no longer makes fermentation [i.e., effervesces]; one evaporates, on a sand [bath], the solution, which, [upon] being dry out, furnishes a salty solid which has the same effects as ammonium chloride.)
- Duhamel du Monceau, Henri-Louis (1735) "Sur le sel ammoniac," Histoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences: année MDCCXXXV, avec les memoires … , pp. 106–116; 414–434; 483–504. Archived 25 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Ellis, John (1760). "The method of making sal ammoniac in Egypt; as communicated by Dr. Linnaeus from his pupil Dr. Hasselquist, who had been lately in those parts". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Club of London. 51: 504–506. doi:ten.1098/rstl.1759.0050.
- Beckmann, Johann, Beyträge zur Geschichte der Erfindungen [Contributions to the history of inventions] (Leipzig, Germany: Paul Gotthelf Kummer, 1805), vol. 5, iv. Salmiak, pp. 254–285. English translations: (1) Beckmann, Johann with William Johnston, trans., A History of Inventions and Discoveries, 2nd ed. (London, England: Walker, 1814), vol. 4, pp. 360–384. Archived 20 October 2020 at the Wayback Automobile ; and (2) Beckmann, Johann with William Johnston, trans., A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, 4th ed. (London, England: Henry G. Bohn, 1846), vol. ii, pp. 396–407. Archived 16 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- Multhauf, Robert P. (1965). "Sal Ammoniac: a example history in industrialization". Technology and Culture. 6 (9): 569–586. doi:10.2307/3101750. JSTOR 3101750.
Bibliography [edit]
- Bischof, Gustav with Benjamin H. Paul and J. Drummond, trans. (1854). Elements of Chemical and Physical Geology. Vol. 1. London, England: the Cavendish Guild.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Needham, Joseph; Ho Ping-Yü; Lu Gwei-Djen; Sivin, Nathan (1980). Scientific discipline and Culture in Cathay. Vol. v: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part Four: Spagyrical discovery and invention: appliance, theories and gifts. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Printing. ISBN978-0521086905.
- Sutton, M. A; Erisman, J. West; Dentener, F; Möller, D (2008). "Ammonia in the environs: From ancient times to the nowadays". Environmental Pollution. 156 (iii): 583–604. doi:ten.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.013. PMID 18499318.
External links [edit]
- Calculators: surface tensions, and densities, molarities and molalities of aqueous ammonium chloride
- CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Ammonium Chloride In Water Reaction,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride
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